Reign Abbas II of Egypt

abbas ii king george v in 1911

although abbas ii no longer publicly opposed british, secretly created, supported, , sustained egyptian nationalist movement, came led mustafa kamil. funded anti-british newspaper al-mu ayyad. kamil s thrust increasingly aimed @ winning popular support national party, khedive abbas publicly distanced himself nationalists. demand constitutional government in 1906 rebuffed abbas ii, , following year formed national party, led mustafa kamil pasha, counter ummah party of egyptian moderates. however, in general, had no real political power. when egyptian army sent fight abd al-rahman al-mahdi in sudan in 1896, found out because austro-hungarian archduke francis ferdinand in egypt , told him after being informed of british army officer.

his relations cromer s successor, sir eldon gorst, however, excellent, , co-operated in appointing cabinets headed butrus ghali in 1908 , muhammad sa id in 1910 , in checking power of nationalist party. appointment of kitchener succeed gorst in 1912 displeased abbas ii, , relations between khedive , british deteriorated. kitchener, exiled or imprisoned leaders of national party, complained wicked little khedive , wanted depose him.

on 25 july 1914, @ onset of world war i, abbas ii in constantinople , wounded in hands , cheeks during failed assassination attempt. on 5 november 1914 when great britain declared war on turkey, accused of deserting egypt not returning home forthwith. british believed plotting against rule, had attempted appeal egyptians , sudanese support central powers against british, when ottoman empire joined central powers in world war i, united kingdom declared egypt sultanate under british protection on 18 december 1914 , deposed abbas ii. during war, abbas ii supported ottomans, including leading attack on suez canal. replaced british uncle hussein kamel 1914 1917, title of sultan. hussein kamel issued series of restrictive orders strip abbas ii of property in egypt , sudan , forbade contributions him. these barred abbas entering egyptian territory , stripped him of right sue in egyptian courts. did not prevent progeny, however, exercising rights. abbas ii accepted new order on 12 may 1931 , formally abdicated. retired switzerland, wrote anglo-egyptian settlement (1930) , died @ geneva on 19 december 1944, aged 70.

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