Other animals Clitoris

1 other animals

1.1 general
1.2 spider monkeys , bonobos
1.3 spotted hyenas
1.4 cats, sheep , mice

other animals
general

although clitoris exists in mammal species, few detailed studies of anatomy of clitoris in non-humans exist. clitoris developed in fossas, apes, lemurs, and, penis, contains small bone, os clitoridis. clitoris exists in turtles, ostriches, crocodiles, , in species of birds in male counterpart has penis. clitoris erects in squirrel monkeys during dominance displays, indirectly influences squirrel monkeys reproductive success. in female galagos (bush babies), clitoris long , pendulous urethra extending through tip urination. intersex female bears mate , give birth through tip of clitoris; these species grizzly bears, brown bears, american black bears , polar bears. although bears have been described having birth canal runs through clitoris rather forming separate vagina (a feature estimated make 10 20 percent of bears population), scientists state female spotted hyenas non-hermaphroditic female mammals devoid of external vaginal opening, , sexual anatomy distinct usual intersex cases. there several mole species peniform clitoris.

spider monkeys , bonobos

in spider monkeys, clitoris developed , has interior passage, or urethra, makes identical penis, , retains , distributes urine droplets female spider monkey moves around. scholar alan f. dixson stated urine voided @ bases of clitoris, flows down shallow groove on perineal surface, , held skin folds on each side of groove . because spider monkeys of south america have pendulous , erectile clitorises long enough mistaken penis, researchers , observers of species scrotum determine animal s sex; similar approach identify scent-marking glands may present on clitoris.

the clitoris of bonobos larger , more externalized in mammals; natalie angier said young adolescent female bonobo maybe half weight of human teenager, clitoris 3 times bigger human equivalent, , visible enough waggle unmistakably walks . female bonobos engage in practice of genital-genital (gg) rubbing, non-human form of tribadism human females engage in. ethologist jonathan balcombe stated female bonobos rub clitorises rapidly ten twenty seconds, , behavior, may repeated in rapid succession, accompanied grinding, shrieking, , clitoral engorgement ; added that, on average, engage in practice once every 2 hours , , bonobos mate face-to-face, evolutionary biologist marlene zuk has suggested position of clitoris in bonobos , other primates has evolved maximize stimulation during sexual intercourse .

spotted hyenas

with urogenital system in female urinates, mates , gives birth via enlarged, erectile clitoris, female spotted hyenas female mammalian species devoid of external vaginal opening.

while female spotted hyenas referred hermaphrodites or intersex, , scientists of antiquity (ancient , later historical times) believed hermaphrodites, modern scientists not refer them such. designation typically reserved simultaneously exhibit features of both sexes; genetic makeup of female spotted hyenas distinct male spotted hyenas.

female spotted hyenas have clitoris 90 percent long , same diameter male penis (171 millimeters long , 22 millimeters in diameter), , pseudo-penis s formation seems largely androgen-independent because appears in female fetus before differentiation of fetal ovary , adrenal gland. spotted hyenas have highly erectile clitoris, complete false scrotum; author john c. wingfield stated resemblance male genitalia close sex can determined confidence palpation of scrotum . pseudo-penis can distinguished males genitalia greater thickness , more rounded glans. female possesses no external vagina, labia fused form pseudo-scrotum. in females, scrotum consists of soft adipose tissue. male spotted hyenas regard penises, female spotted hyenas have small penile spines on head of clitorises, scholar catherine blackledge said makes clitoris tip feel soft sandpaper . added clitoris extends away body in sleek , slender arc, measuring, on average, on 17 cm root tip. penis, [it] erectile, raising head in hyena greeting ceremonies, social displays, games of rough , tumble or when sniffing out peers .

male , female reproductive systems of spotted hyena, schmotzer & zimmerman, anatomischer anzeiger (1922). abb. 1 (fig. 1.) male reproductive anatomy. abb. 2 (fig. 2.) female reproductive anatomy. principal abbreviations (from von eggeling) are: t, testis; vd, vas deferens; bu, urethral bulb; ur, urethra; r, rectum; p, penis; s, scrotum; o, ovary; ft, tuba fallopii; rl, ligament uteri; ut, uterus; cc, corpus clitoris. remaining abbreviations, in alphabetical order, are: ag, parotid analis; b, vesica urinaria; cg, parotid cowperi; cp, corpus penis; cs, corpus spongiosum; gc, glans; gp, glans penis; la, levator ani muscle; pr, prepuce; rc, musculus retractor clitoris; rp, musculus retractor penis; ucg, canalis urogenital.

due higher levels of androgen exposure, female hyenas more muscular , aggressive male counterparts; social-wise, of higher rank males, being dominant or dominant , alpha, , females have been exposed higher levels of androgen average become higher-ranking female peers. subordinate females lick clitorises of higher-ranked females sign of submission , obedience, females lick each other s clitorises greeting or strengthen social bonds; in contrast, while males lick clitorises of dominant females, females not lick penises of males because males considered of lowest rank.

the urethra , vagina of female spotted hyena exit through clitoris, allowing females urinate, copulate , give birth through organ. trait makes mating more laborious male in other mammals, , makes attempts sexually coerce (physically force sexual activity on) females futile. joan roughgarden, ecologist , evolutionary biologist, said because hyena s clitoris higher on belly vagina in mammals, male hyena must slide rear under female when mating penis lines [her clitoris] . in action similar pushing shirtsleeve, female retracts [pseudo-penis] on itself, , creates opening male inserts own penis . male must practice act, can take couple of months perform. female spotted hyenas exposed larger doses of androgen have damaged ovaries, making difficult conceive. after giving birth, pseudo-penis stretched , loses of original aspects; becomes slack-walled , reduced prepuce enlarged orifice split lips. approximately 15% of females die during first time giving birth, , on 60% of species firstborn young die.

a 2006 baskin et al. study concluded, basic anatomical structures of corporeal bodies in both sexes of humans , spotted hyenas similar. in humans, dorsal nerve distribution unique in being devoid of nerves @ 12 o clock position in penis , clitoris of spotted hyena , [d]orsal nerves of penis/clitoris in humans , male spotted hyenas tracked along both sides of corporeal body corpus spongiosum @ 5 , 7 o clock positions. dorsal nerves penetrated corporeal body , distally glans in hyena and, in female hyenas, dorsal nerves fanned out laterally on clitoral body. glans morphology different in appearance in both sexes, being wide , blunt in female , tapered in male .

cats, sheep , mice

researchers studying peripheral , central afferent pathways feline clitoris concluded afferent neurons projecting clitoris of cat identified wga-hrp tracing in s1 , s2 dorsal root ganglia. average of 433 cells identified on each side of animal. 85 percent , 15 percent of labeled cells located in s1 , s2 dorsal root ganglia, respectively. average cross sectional area of clitoral afferent neuron profiles 1.479±627 μm2. stated light constant pressure on clitoris produced initial burst of single unit firing (maximum frequencies 170–255 hz) followed rapid adaptation , sustained firing (maximum 40 hz), maintained during stimulation. tonic firing increased average maximum of 145 hz @ 6–8 g/mm2 pressure , [t]hese results indicate clitoris innervated mechano-sensitive myelinated afferent fibers in pudental nerve project centrally region of dorsal commissure in l7-s1 spinal cord .

the external phenotype , reproductive behavior of 21 freemartin sheep , 2 male pseudohermaphrodite sheep recorded aim of identifying characteristics predict failure breed. among things recorded size , shape of vulva , clitoris, length of vagina, size of teats, presence or absence of inguinal gonads, , ultrasonographic characteristics of inguinal gonads: subjective assessment of masculinity of each animal s body form made, , behavioural responses virile ram , oestrus ewe recorded. number of physical , behavioural abnormalities detected consistent finding in 23 animals short vagina varied in length 3.1 7.0 cm, compared 10 14 cm in normal animals.

in study documenting clitoral structure of mice, found mouse perineal urethra surrounded erectile tissue forming bulbs of clitoris, similar anatomy of human females: in mouse, in human females, tissue organization in corpora cavernosa of clitoris similar of penis except absence of subalbugineal layer interposed between tunica albuginea , erectile tissue.