The IBM PC History of personal computers

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1981: ibm 5150



the ibm pc first pc justified widespread use. ibm responded success of apple ii ibm pc, released in august 1981. apple ii , s-100 systems, based on open, card-based architecture, allowed third parties develop it. used intel 8088 cpu running @ 4.77 mhz, containing 29,000 transistors. first model used audio cassette external storage, though there expensive floppy disk option. cassette option never popular , removed in pc xt of 1983. xt added 10mb hard drive in place of 1 of 2 floppy disks , increased number of expansion slots 5 8. while original pc design accommodate 64k on main board, architecture able accommodate 640kb of ram, rest on cards. later revisions of design increased limit 256k on main board.


the ibm pc typically came pc dos, operating system based upon gary kildall s cp/m-80 operating system. in 1980, ibm approached digital research, kildall s company, version of cp/m upcoming ibm pc. kildall s wife , business partner, dorothy mcewen, met ibm representatives unable negotiate standard non-disclosure agreement her. ibm turned bill gates, providing rom basic] interpreter pc. gates offered provide 86-dos, developed tim paterson of seattle computer products. ibm rebranded pc dos, while microsoft sold variations , upgrades ms-dos.


the impact of apple ii , ibm pc demonstrated when time named home computer machine of year , or person of year 1982 (3 january 1983, computer moves in ). first time in history of magazine inanimate object given award.


ibm pc clones

the original pc design followed in 1983 ibm pc xt, incrementally improved design; omitted support cassette, had more card slots, , available 10mb hard drive. although mandatory @ first, hard drive later made option , 2 floppy disk xt sold. while architectural memory limit of 640k same, later versions more readily expandable.


although pc , xt included version of basic language in read-only memory, purchased disk drives , run operating system; 3 operating systems announced pc. 1 cp/m-86 digital research, second pc dos ibm, , third ucsd p-system (from university of california @ san diego). pc dos ibm branded version of operating system microsoft, best known supplying basic language systems computer hardware companies. when sold microsoft, pc dos called ms-dos. ucsd p-system os built around pascal programming language , not marketed same niche ibm s customers. neither p-system nor cp/m-86 commercial success.


because ms-dos available separate product, companies attempted make computers available run ms-dos , programs. these machines, including act apricot, dec rainbow 100, hewlett-packard hp-150, seequa chameleon , many others not successful, required customized version of ms-dos, , not run programs designed ibm s hardware. (see list of non-ibm-pc-compatible pcs.) first ibm pc compatible machines came compaq, although others followed.


because ibm pc based on relatively standard integrated circuits, , basic card-slot design not patented, key portion of hardware bios software embedded in read-only memory. critical element got reverse engineered, , opened floodgates market ibm pc imitators, dubbed pc clones . @ time ibm had decided enter personal computer market in response apple s success, ibm giant of computer industry , expected crush apple s market share. because of these shortcuts ibm took enter market quickly, ended releasing product copied other manufacturers using off shelf, non-proprietary parts. in long run, ibm s biggest role in evolution of personal computer establish de facto standard hardware architecture amongst wide range of manufacturers. ibm s pricing undercut point ibm no longer significant force in development, leaving pc standard had established. emerging dominant force battle amongst hardware manufacturers vying market share software company microsoft provided operating system , utilities pcs across board, whether authentic ibm machines or pc clones.


in 1984, ibm introduced ibm personal computer/at (more called pc/at or at) built around intel 80286 microprocessor. chip faster, , address 16mb of ram in mode largely broke compatibility earlier 8086 , 8088. in particular, ms-dos operating system not able take advantage of capability.


the bus in pc/at given name industry standard architecture (isa). peripheral component interconnect (pci) released in 1992, supposed replace isa.


vesa local bus (vlb) , extended isa displaced pci, majority of later (post-1992) 486-based systems featuring vesa local bus video card. vlb importantly offered less costly high speed interface consumer systems, 1994 pci commonly available outside of server market.


pci later replaced pci-e (see below).








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