Aftermath Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1 aftermath
1.1 international reactions
1.2 political developments in romania
1.3 romanian recovery of bessarabia , wartime administration
1.4 restoration of soviet administration
aftermath
international reactions
of regional allies, romania had treaties military clauses, turkey replied live treaty obligations providing support in case of soviet military aggression.
according time monday, july 1, 1940,
this week soviet planes began making reconnaissance flights on bessarabia. border clashes reported along dn[i]estr river. though rumanian army made show of resistance record, has no chance of stopping soviet without help, , germany had acknowledged soviet s claim bessarabia in secret deals last year. romania had accepted destiny in new europe hitler plans. lose transylvania hungary , part of dobruja bulgaria. (...) soviet s sphere. soviet preoccupied consolidating own position east of hitler s europe. on heels of occupation of estonia, latvia , lithuania, 3 countries set left-wing governments looked steppingstones complete sovietization. (...) germany took occupation calmly. germany s calm doubtless real, since last year s deals gave soviet union free hand in baltic bessarabia.
political developments in romania
a train refugees
the territorial concessions of 1940 produced deep sorrow , resentment among romanians, , hastened decline in popularity of regime led king carol ii of romania. 3 days after annexation, romania renounced 1939 anglo-french guarantee. new government of ion gigurtu sworn in on july, 5th, 1940, withdrew country league of nations (july 11, 1940), , announced desire join axis camp (july 13, 1940). series of measures taken romanian prime minister ion gigurtu, including official persecution of jews inspired german nuremberg laws in july , august 1940, failed sway germany awarding northern transylvania hungary in second vienna award on august 30, 1940.
red cross helping refugees in romania in government newsreel
this led near uprising in country. on september 5, king carol ii proposed general (later marshal) ion antonescu, chief of army, form new government. antonescu s first act force king abdicate (for fourth , last time) , flee romania. alliance government formed ion antonescu remnants of iron guard legionary movement (partly destroyed in 1938; see iron guard#a bloody struggle power), anti-semitic fascist party, , took power on september 6, 1940. mihai, son of carol ii, succeeded him king of romania. country declared national legionary state. between october 1940 , june 1941, around 550,000 german troops entered romania. in november, antonescu signed tripartite (axis) pact, tying romania militarily germany, italy, , japan. in january 1941, legionary movement attempted coup, failed , placed antonescu firmly in power approval of hitler. authoritarian regime of antonescu (1940–1944) did not restore political parties , elected democracy; co-opted several individual civilians in government.
overall, desire regain lost territories deciding factor leading entry of romania world war ii on side of axis against soviet union.
romanian recovery of bessarabia , wartime administration
antonescu s order romanian army cross river prut , liberate bessarabia russian occupation, 22 june 1941
on june 22, 1941, romania participated alongside hungary, , italy on side of axis powers in german invasion of soviet union, in order recover bessarabia , bukovina. accomplished july 26, 1941.
the king michael of romania, mother helen, , mihai antonescu joined opening ceremony of monumental liberation tower in ghidighici, on november 1, 1942.
on july 27, 1941, despite disagreement political parties, romania s military dictator ion antonescu ordered romanian army continue war eastward proper soviet territory fight @ odessa, crimea, kharkov, stalingrad , caucasus. between late 1941 , 1944, romania occupied , administered region between dniester , southern bug rivers, known transnistria, , sent expedition troops several different areas support german advance further ussr.
military ordinance forbidding use of foreign languages , wearing of russian caps in bessarabia, 15 november 1941
on backdrop of increased anti-semitism in romania in late 1930s, government of ion antonescu officially adopted myth of jewish bolshevism, making jews responsible territorial losses romania suffered during summer of 1940. results, government, in agreement germany, embarked in campaign cleanse recaptured territories massively deporting and/or killing jews of bukovina , bessarabia did not flee interior of soviet union before romania regained territory in july 1941. in 1941, between 45,000 , 60,000 jews killed in bessarabia , bukovina romanian , german armies. surviving jews gathered in temporary ghettos , 154,449 170,737 deported transnistria; 49,927 of them still alive on september 16, 1943. 19,475 jews of regions of bukovina , of dorohoi county survived in these territories in 1941-1944 without being deported, of them in cernăuți. romanian gendarmerie (riot police) units participated, along german troops , local militias, in destruction of jewish community in transnistria, murdering between 115,000 , 180,000 local jews.(see history of jews in moldova#the holocaust).
jews being deported concentration camps romanian army
in 1941-1944, many young male inhabitants of bessarabia , northern bukovina recruited romanian army. february august 1944, hostilities took place in region, romanians attempted hold territory being overrun soviet union. in total, during world war ii, romanian army has lost 475,070 people on eastern front, of 245,388 killed in action, disappeared, or died in hospitals or non-battle circumstances, , 229,682 (according soviet archival documents) taken prisoners of war red army. of latter, 187,367 counted romanian pows in nkvd camps (on april 22, 1956, 54,612 counted died in captivity, , 132,755 freshly released), 27,800 counted romanians released front-levels of soviet army, while 14,515 moldovans released front-levels of soviet army.
restoration of soviet administration
soviet operations 19 august 31 december 1944
during first part of 1944, soviet union gradually took on territory through uman–botoșani , jassy-kishinev offensives. on august 23, 1944, soviet troops advancing , eastern front falling within romania s territory, coup led king michael, support opposition politicians , army, deposed antonescu dictatorship, ceased military actions against allies, , later put romania s battered armies on side. in days after coup, romania s action unilateral , no armistice had been agreed allied powers, red army continued treat romanian troops enemy combatants, while in confusion, romanian troops not opposing them. consequence, soviets took large number of romanian troops prisoners of war little or no fight. of prisoners bessarabian-born. michael acquiesced soviet terms, , romania occupied soviet army.
from august 1944 may 1945, ca. 300,000 people conscripted soviet army bessarabia , northern bukovina, , sent fight against germany in lithuania, east prussia, poland, , czechoslovakia. 100,000 killed, while other 100,000 wounded.
in 1947, part of paris peace treaties, romania , soviet union signed border treaty, confirming border fixed in 1940. several additional uninhabited islands in danube delta, snake island, not mentioned in treaty, transferred communist romania soviet union in 1948.
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