Enforcement 2011 military intervention in Libya

1 enforcement

1.1 operation names
1.2 forces committed
1.3 bases committed
1.4 actions other states
1.5 action international forces

enforcement

coloured in blue states involved in implementing no-fly zone on libya (coloured in green)

initial nato planning possible no-fly zone took place in late february , march, nato members france , united kingdom. france , uk supporters of no-fly zone , had sufficient airpower impose no-fly zone on rebel-held areas, although might need additional assistance more extensive exclusion zone.

the had air assets necessary enforce no-fly zone, cautious supporting such action prior obtaining legal basis violating libya s sovereignty. furthermore, due sensitive nature of military action against arab nation, sought arab participation in enforcement of no-fly zone.

at congressional hearing, united states secretary of defense robert gates explained no-fly zone begins attack on libya destroy air defences ... , can fly planes around country , not worry our guys being shot down. s way starts.

on 19 march, deployment of french fighter jets on libya began, , other states began individual operations. phase 1 started same day involvement of united states, united kingdom, france, italy , canada.

on 24 march, nato ambassadors agreed nato take command of no-fly zone enforcement, while other military operations remained responsibility of group of states involved, nato expected take control 26 march. decision made after meetings of nato members resolve disagreements on whether military operations in libya should include attacks on ground forces. decision create two-level power structure overseeing military operations. in charge politically committee, led nato, includes states participating in enforcing no-fly zone, while nato alone responsible military action. royal canadian air force lieutenant-general charles bouchard has been appointed command nato military mission.

after death of muammar gaddafi on 20 october 2011, announced nato mission end on 31 october.

operation names

 nato: operation unified protector

before nato took full command of operations @ 06:00 gmt on 31 march 2011, military intervention in form of no-fly zone , naval blockade split between different national operations:

 france: opération harmattan
 united kingdom: operation ellamy
 canada: operation mobile
 united states: operation odyssey dawn –  belgium,  denmark,  italy,  netherlands,  norway,  qatar,  spain,  greece ,  united arab emirates placed national contributions under command

forces committed

these forces committed in alphabetical order.

the uss barry (ddg-52) fires tomahawk cruise missile, 19 march 2011



 belgium: 6 f-16 fighting falcon fighter jets of belgian air component, stationed @ araxos, greece exercise, , flew first mission in afternoon of 21 march. monitored no-fly zone throughout operation , have attacked ground targets multiple times since 27 march, of them without collateral damage. belgian naval component minehunter narcis part of nato s snmcmg1 @ start of operation , assisted in nato s naval blockade 23 march. ship later replaced minehunter lobelia in august.
 bulgaria: bulgarian navy wielingen-class frigate drazki 41 participated in naval blockade, along number of special naval forces , 2 medical teams , other humanitarian help. frigate left port on 27 april , arrived off coast of libya on 2 may. patrolled 1 month before returning bulgaria, supply stop @ greek port of souda.
 canada: royal canadian air force deployed 7 (six front line, 1 reserve) cf-18 fighter jets, 2 cc-150 polaris refueling airplanes, 2 cc-177 globemaster iii heavy transports, 2 cc-130j super hercules tactical transports, , 2 cp-140 aurora maritime patrol aircraft. royal canadian navy deployed halifax-class frigates hmcs charlottetown , hmcs vancouver. total of 440 canadian forces personnel participated in operation mobile. there reports special operations being conducted joint task force 2 in association britain s special air service (sas) , special boat service (sbs) part of canada s contribution.


palmarias of libyan army, destroyed french air force near benghazi, 19 march



 denmark: royal danish air force participated 6 f-16am fighters, 1 c-130j-30 super hercules military transport plane , corresponding ground crews. 4 f-16s used offensive operations, while remaining 2 acted reserves. first airstrikes danish aircraft carried out on 23 march, 4 aircraft making twelve sorties part of operation odyssey dawn. danish f-16s flew total of 43 missions dropping 107 precision bombs during odyssey dawn before switching nato command under unified protector danish flights bombed approximately 17 percent of targets in libya , norwegian flights have been efficient in proportion number of flights involved. danish f-16s flew last fast-jet mission of operation unified protector on 31 october 2011 finishing total of 599 missions flown , 923 precision bombs dropped during entire libya intervention.
 france: french air force, flew highest percentage of nato s strikes (35%), participated in mission 18 mirage, 19 rafale, 6 mirage f1, 6 super etendard, 2 e-2 hawkeye, 2 c-2 greyhound, 3 eurocopter tiger, 16 aérospatiale gazelle aircraft. in addition, french navy anti-air destroyer forbin , frigate jean bart participated in operations. on 22 march, aircraft carrier charles de gaulle arrived in international waters near crete provide military planners rapid-response air combat capability. accompanying charles de gaulle frigates dupleix, aconit, fleet replenishment tanker meuse, , 1 rubis-class nuclear attack submarine. france did station 3 mirage 2000-5 aircraft , 6 mirage 2000d @ souda bay, crete. france sent amphibious assault helicopter carrier, tonnerre, carrying 19 rotorcraft operate off coast of libya.


damage aircraft shelters @ ghardabiya airfield near sirte, 20 march



 greece: elli-class frigate limnos of hellenic navy deployed waters off libya part of naval blockade. hellenic air force provided super puma search-and-rescue helicopters , few embraer 145 aew&c airborne radar planes.
 italy: @ beginning of operation, contribution enforce no-fly zone, italian government committed 4 tornado ecrs of italian air force in sead operations, supported 2 tornado ids variants in air-to-air refueling role , 4 f-16 adf fighters escort. after transfer of authority nato , decision participate in strike air-ground operations, italian government increased italian contribution adding 4 italian navy av-8b plus (from italian aircraft carrier giuseppe garibaldi), 4 italian air force eurofighters, 4 tornado idss under nato command. other assets under national command participated in air patrolling , air refueling missions. of 24 march, italian navy engaged in operation unified protector light aircraft carrier giuseppe garibaldi, maestrale-class frigate libeccio , auxiliary ship etna. additionally, orizzonte-class destroyer andrea doria , maestrale-class frigate euro patrolling off sicilian coast in air-defence role. @ later stage, italy increased contribution nato led mission doubling number of av-8b harriers , deploying undisclosed number of amx fighter-bombers , kc-130j , kc-767a tanker planes. italian air force deployed mq-9a reaper uavs real time video reconnaissance.


u.s. air force f-16 return aviano air base in italy after supporting operation odyssey dawn, 20 march



 jordan: 6 royal jordanian air force fighter jets landed @ coalition airbase in europe on 4 april provide logistical support , act escort jordanian transport aircraft using humanitarian corridor deliver aid , supplies opposition-held cyrenaica, according foreign minister nasser judeh. did not specify type of aircraft or specific roles may called upon perform, though said not intended combat.
 nato: e-3 airborne warning , control (awacs) aircraft operated nato , crewed member states monitor airspace on mediterranean , in libya.
 netherlands: royal netherlands air force provided 6 f-16am fighters , kdc-10 refueling plane. these aircraft stationed @ decimomannu air base on sardinia. 4 f-16s flying patrols on libya, while other 2 being kept in reserve. additionally, royal netherlands navy deployed tripartite-class minehunter hnlms haarlem assist in enforcing weapons embargo.
 norway: royal norwegian air force deployed 6 f-16am fighters souda bay air base corresponding ground crews. on 24 march, norwegian f-16s assigned north african command , operation odyssey dawn. reported norwegian fighters along danish fighters had bombed targets in libya in proportion number of planes involved. on 24 june, number of fighters deployed reduced 6 four. norwegian participation in military efforts against libyan government came end in late july 2011, time norwegian aircraft had dropped 588 bombs , carried out 615 of 6493 nato missions between 31 march , 1 august (not including 19 bombs dropped , 32 missions carried out under operation odyssey dawn). 75% of missions performed royal norwegian air force called scar ( strike coordination , reconnaissance ) missions. military sources has confirmed on night of 25 april, 2 f-16 royal norwegian air force bombed residence of gaddafi inside tripoli.


raf tornado gr4 attacks libyan warship in al khums naval base, 20 may 2011



 qatar: qatar armed forces contributed 6 mirage 2000-5eda fighter jets , 2 c-17 strategic transport aircraft coalition no-fly zone enforcement efforts. qatari aircraft stationed in crete. @ later stages in operation, qatari special forces had been assisting in operations, including training of tripoli brigade , rebel forces in benghazi , nafusa mountains. qatar brought small groups of libyans qatar small-unit leadership training in preparation rebel advance on tripoli in august.
 romania: romanian naval forces participated in naval blockade frigate regele ferdinand.
 spain: spanish armed forces participated 6 f-18 fighters, 2 boeing 707-331b(kc) tanker aircraft, Álvaro de bazán-class frigate méndez núñez, submarine tramontana , 2 cn-235 mpa maritime surveillance plane. spain participated in air control , maritime surveillance missions prevent inflow of arms libyan regime. spain made available nato spanish air base @ rota.
 sweden: swedish air force committed 8 jas 39 gripen jets international air campaign after being asked nato take part in operations on 28 march. sweden sent saab 340 aew&c airborne warning , control , c-130 hercules aerial refueling. sweden country neither member of nato nor arab league participate in no-fly zone.
 turkey: turkish navy participated 5 ships , 1 submarine in nato-led naval blockade enforce arms embargo. provided 6 f-16 fighting falcon jets aerial operations. on 24 march, turkey s parliament approved turkish participation in military operations in libya, including enforcing no-fly zone in libya.


raf tornado gr4 targeting libyan tank, 12 april



 uae: on 24 march, united arab emirates air force sent 6 f-16 fighting falcon , 6 mirage 2000 fighter jets join mission. first combat deployment of desert falcon variant of f-16, sophisticated f-16 variant. planes based @ italian decimomannu air base on sardinia.
 united kingdom: united kingdom deployed royal navy frigates hms westminster , hms cumberland, nuclear attack submarines hms triumph , hms turbulent, destroyer hms liverpool , mine countermeasure vessel hms brocklesby. royal air force participated 16 tornado , 10 typhoon fighters operating great britain, later forward deployed italian base @ gioia del colle. nimrod r1 , sentinel r1 surveillance aircraft forward deployed raf akrotiri in support of action. in addition raf deployed number of other support aircraft such sentry aew.1 awacs aircraft , vc10 air-to-air refueling tankers. according anonymous sources, members of sas, sbs , special reconnaissance regiment (srr) helped coordinate air strikes on ground in libya. on 27 may, uk deployed 4 uk apache helicopters on board hms ocean.
 united states: united states deployed naval force of 11 ships, including amphibious assault ship uss kearsarge, amphibious transport dock uss ponce, guided-missile destroyers uss barry , uss stout, nuclear attack submarines uss providence , uss scranton, cruise missile submarine uss florida , amphibious command ship uss mount whitney. additionally, a-10 ground-attack aircraft, northrop grumman b-2 spirit stealth bombers, av-8b harrier ii jump-jets, ea-18g growler electronic warfare aircraft, p-3 orions, , both mcdonnell douglas f-15e strike eagle , f-16 fighters involved in action on libya. u-2 reconnaissance aircraft stationed on cyprus. on 18 march, 2 ac-130us arrived @ raf mildenhall additional tanker aircraft. on 24 march 2 e-8cs operated naval station rota spain, indicated increase of ground attacks. undisclosed number of cia operatives said in libya gather intelligence airstrikes , make contacts rebels. used mq-1 predator uavs strike targets in libya on 23 april.











































































bases committed

a qatari c-17 transport plane @ incirlik air base, turkey.



 france: saint-dizier, dijon, nancy, istres, solenzara, avord
 greece: souda, aktion, araxos, , andravida
 italy: amendola, decimomannu, gioia del colle, trapani, pantelleria, capodichino
 spain: rota, morón, torrejón
 turkey: incirlik, İzmir
 united kingdom: raf akrotiri, raf marham, raf waddington, raf leuchars, raf brize norton, aviano (it)
 united states: aviano (it), lakenheath (uk), mildenhall (uk), sigonella (it), spangdahlem (ge), ellsworth afb (us)

actions other states

 albania: albanian prime minister sali berisha said albania ready help. prime minister berisha supported decision of coalition protect civilians libyan regime of gaddafi. berisha offered assistance facilitate international coalition actions. in press release of prime ministry, these operations considered entirely legitimate, having main objective protection of freedoms , universal rights libyans deserve. on 29 march, foreign minister edmond haxhinasto said albania open airspace , territorial waters coalition forces , said seaports , airports @ coalition s disposal upon request. haxhinasto suggested albania make humanitarian contribution international efforts. in mid-april, international business times listed albania alongside several other nato member states, including romania , turkey, have made modest contributions military effort, although did not go detail.
 australia: prime minister julia gillard , others in labor government have said australia not contribute militarily enforcement of un mandate despite registering strong support implementation, opposition liberal party s defence spokesman has called upon government consider dispatching australian military assets if requested nato. defence minister stephen smith said government willing send c-17 globemaster heavy transport planes use in international operations part of humanitarian contribution , if needed. foreign minister kevin rudd described australia third largest [humanitarian contributor libya] globally after united states , european union on 27 april, after humanitarian aid ship funded australian government docked in misurata.
 croatia: president ivo josipović said if becomes necessary croatia honour nato membership , participate in actions in libya. stressed while croatia ready military participation according capabilities, endeavor on humanitarian side. on 29 april, government announced planned send 2 croatian army officers assist operation unified protector pending formal presidential , parliamentary approval.
 cyprus: after passage of united nations security council resolution 1973, president demetris christofias asked british government not use military base @ akrotiri, overseas territory of united kingdom on island of cyprus, in support of intervention, though request had no legal weight nicosia cannot legally bar united kingdom using base. cypriot government reluctantly allowed qatar emiri air force fighter jets , transport plane refuel @ larnaca international airport on 22 march after pilots declared fuel emergency while in transit crete participation in international military operations.
 estonia: foreign minister urmas paet said on 18 march country has no current plans join in military operations in libya, willing participate if called upon nato or european union. estonian air force not presently operate fighter aircraft, though operate few helicopters , transport planes.
 european union: finnish foreign minister alexander stubb announced proposed eufor libya operation being prepared, waiting request un.
 germany: germany has withdrawn forces nato operations in mediterranean sea government decided not take part in military operations against libya. increasing number of awacs personnel in afghanistan 300 free forces of other states. germany allows usage of military installations on territory intervention in libya. on 8 april, german officials suggested germany potentially contribute troops [ensure] military means humanitarian aid gets need . of june, german government reportedly considering opening center training police in benghazi. on 24 july, germany lent €100 million euros ($144 million usd) rebels civilian , humanitarian purposes .
 indonesia: president susilo bambang yudhoyono called ceasefire sides, said if un peacekeeping force established monitor potential truce, indonesia more willing take part.
 kuwait: arab state make logistic contribution , according british prime minister david cameron.
 malta: prime minister lawrence gonzi said no coalition forces allowed stage military bases in malta, maltese airspace open international forces involved in intervention. on 20 april, 2 french mirages reportedly allowed make emergency landings in malta after running low on fuel.
 poland: secretary of defense robert gates, uk secretary of defence liam fox, , nato secretary-general anders fogh rasmussen have urged polish government contribute military operations. of june 2011, warsaw has not committed participation.
 sudan: government has quietly granted permission coalition states traverse airspace operations in libyan theater if necessary, reuters reported in late march.

action international forces