King Sverre and the rise of the Birkebeiner Civil war era in Norway

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king sverre crossing mountains of voss

as imagined peter nicolai arbo


in 1174 new faction arose in rebellion against magnus erlingsson. leader young Øystein møyla, son of Øystein haraldsson. new faction called birkebeiner, meaning birch-legs because of them poor wound birch-bark around legs instead of proper footwear. Øystein møyla killed magnus , erling s men @ battle of re in 1177. after birkebeiner made sverre sigurdsson leader. sverre had come norway faroe islands , claimed have discovered in fact son of king sigurd munn. claim disbelieved @ time (as modern historians). however, after taking on leadership of birkebeiner, became rallying point disgruntled rule of erling skakke , king magnus.


some materialists among modern historians have tried read form of class struggle sverre , birkebeiner s fight against erling , magnus. however, extent sverre s men represented impoverished strata of population remains disputed. clear of lendmenn—the nobility of time—sided king magnus, sverre won several of them on side. in event, birkebeiner did not try change social order of society; merely wanted place @ top.


in 1179 sverre won important victory in battle @ kalvskinnet (slaget ved kalvskinnet) on outskirts of nidaros, erling skakke killed. point, trøndelag region nidaros @ center became stronghold of sverre. king magnus continued fight after death of father , refused several offers sverre divide kingdom between them. sverris saga, written sverre s supporters, makes of how popular magnus among common people , how made sverre s fight against him more difficult. war between sverre , magnus raged on several years, , magnus @ 1 point had seek refuge in denmark. battle of fimreite, final naval battle during 1184 in sognefjord, resulted in death of king magnus , victory king sverre.


sverre rule norway until 1202, unable achieve long periods of peace. church, allied king magnus , erling skakke, remained virulent in opposition sverre throughout reign. in 1190 archbishop, eirik ivarsson, fled country , in 1194 received papal support excommunicate sverre , order country s remaining bishops join him in exile in denmark, did. sverre had been able coerce 1 of strongest opponents, bishop nikolas arnesson of oslo, crown him in bergen in 1194. in 1198 pope innocent iii placed norway under interdict. although sverre forged letters show excommunication had been lifted, in fact remained excommunicated until death.


several pretenders arose challenge sverre. among serious jon kuvlung, purported son of king inge crouchback. named king in 1185 , killed in battle in bergen 3 years later. sigurd magnusson, illegitimate son of king magnus erlingsson, proclaimed king in 1193 @ haugating near tønsberg. aged 13, sigurd figurehead leader. had support of, among others, harald maddadsson. rising ended after defeat , death @ battle of florvåg near askøy, island north of bergen, in 1194.








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