Philosophy John Witherspoon

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john witherspoon statue, paisley, scotland alexander stoddart


according herbert hovenkamp, witherspoon s lasting contribution initiation of scottish common-sense realism, had learned reading thomas reid , 2 of expounders dugald stewart , james beattie.


witherspoon revised moral philosophy curriculum, strengthened college s commitment natural philosophy, , positioned princeton in larger transatlantic world of republic of letters. although proponent of christian values, witherspoon s common sense approach public morality of civil magistrates more influenced enlightenment ethics of scottish philosophers francis hutcheson , thomas reid christian idealism of jonathan edwards. in regard civil magistrates, witherspoon believed moral judgment should pursued science. held old roman republican concepts of virtuous leadership civil magistrates, regularly recommended students read such modern philosophers machiavelli, montescue, , david hume, though disapproved of hume s infidel stance on religion.


virtue, argued, deduced through development of moral sense, ethical compass instilled god in human beings , developed through religious education (reid) or civil sociability (hutcheson). witherspoon saw morality having 2 distinct components: spiritual , temporal. civil government owed more latter former in witherspoon s presbyterian doctrine. thus, public morality owed more natural moral laws of enlightenment revealed christianity.


in lectures on moral philosophy @ princeton, required of juniors , seniors, witherspoon argued revolutionary right of resistance , recommended checks , balances within government. made profound impression on student james madison, suggestions united states constitution followed both witherspoon s , hume s ideas. historian douglass adair writes, syllabus of witherspoon s lectures . . . explains conversion of young virginian philosophy of enlightenment.


witherspoon accepted impossibility of maintaining public morality or virtue in citizenry without effective religion. in sense, temporal principles of morality required religious component derived authority spiritual. therefore, public religion vital necessity in maintaining public morals. however, in framework, non-christian societies have virtue, which, definition, found in natural law. witherspoon, in accordance scottish moral sense philosophy, taught human beings, christian or otherwise, virtuous, nonetheless committed christianity route personal salvation.








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