Dialect variation Help:IPA/English

this key represents diaphonemes, abstractions of speech sounds accommodate general american, received pronunciation (rp) , new zealand (and large extent australian, canadian, irish (including ulster), scottish, south african , welsh, see below) pronunciations. therefore, not of distinctions shown here relevant particular dialect:

many speakers of american , canadian english pronounce cot /kɒt/ , caught /kɔːt/ same. may ignore difference between symbols /ɒ/ , /ɔː/, ignore distinction between written vowels o , au when pronouncing them.
some speakers northern england not distinguish vowel of square /ˈskwɛər/ , nurse /nɜːrs/. if speak such dialect, ignore difference between symbols /ɛər/ , /ɜːr/.
in new zealand english, vowels of kit /kɪt/ , focus /ˈfoʊkəs/ have same schwa-like quality. if new zealand, ignore difference between symbols /ɪ/ , /ə/.
in new zealand english , other dialects, vowels of near /nɪər/ , square /ˈskwɛər/ not distinguished. if speak such dialect, ignore difference between symbols /ɪər/ , /ɛər/.
in scottish english , ulster english, vowels of foot /fʊt/ , goose /ɡuːs/ not distinguished. if speak either of dialects, ignore difference between symbols /ʊ/ , /uː/.
in northern england english, vowels of foot /fʊt/ , strut /strʌt/ not distinguished. if northern england, ignore difference between symbols /ʊ/ , /ʌ/.
in welsh english , other dialects, vowels of strut /strʌt/ , focus /ˈfoʊkəs/ not distinguished. if speak such dialect, ignore difference between symbols /ʌ/ , /ə/.
in many dialects, /r/ occurs before vowel; if speak such dialect, ignore /r/ in pronunciation guides not pronounce it, in cart /kɑːrt/.
in other dialects, /j/ (yes) cannot occur after /t, d, n/, etc., within same syllable; if speak such dialect, ignore /j/ in transcriptions such new /njuː/. example, new york transcribed /njuː ˈjɔːrk/. people england , new yorkers, /r/ in /jɔːrk/ not pronounced; people united states, including new yorkers, /j/ in /njuː/ not pronounced , may ignored. (see yod-dropping.)

on other hand, there distinctions might make key not encode, seldom reflected in dictionaries used sources wikipedia articles:

the vowels of kit , bit, distinguished in south africa. both of them transcribed /ɪ/ in stressed syllables , /ɪ/ or /ə/ in unstressed syllables.
the difference between vowels of fir, fur , fern, maintained in scottish , irish english lost elsewhere. of them transcribed /ɜːr/.
the vowels of north , force, distinguished in scottish english, irish english , minority of american speakers. both of them transcribed /ɔːr/.
the vowels of pause , paws, distinguished in cockney , estuary english speakers. both of them transcribed /ɔː/ or /ɔːr/, depending on word.
the vowels of bad , had, distinguished in many parts of australia , eastern united states. both of them transcribed /æ/.
the difference between vowels of pain , pane found in english, welsh, , newfoundland dialects. both of them transcribed /eɪ/.
the difference between vowels of holy , wholly found in cockney , many estuary english speakers. both of them transcribed /oʊ/.
the vowels of spider , spied her, distinguished in scotland. both of them transcribed /aɪ/.
the vowels of rider , writer, distinguished in many parts of canada , parts of united states. both of them transcribed /aɪ/.
the vowels of powder , pouter distinguished in many parts of canada , parts of united states. both of them transcribed /aʊ/.

other words may have different vowels depending on speaker.

the pronunciation of /æ/ vowel in dialects of scotland, northern ireland, northern england , wales has been closer [a]. bbc english has moved away traditional near-open front realization [æ] towards open front realization [a], , both oxford english dictionary , 2014 edition of gimson s pronunciation of english transcribe vowel in lad, bad, cat, trap /a/.

for more extensive information on dialect variations, may wish see ipa chart english dialects.

note place names not exempted being transcribed in abstracted system, rules such above must applied in order recover local pronunciation. examples include place names in of england ending ‑ford, although locally pronounced [‑fəd] transcribed /‑fərd/. best practice editors. however, readers should aware not editors may have followed consistently, example if /‑fəd/ encountered such place name, should not interpreted claim /r/ absent in rhotic dialect.

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