Dynasty of Hasan Pasha Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)

1 dynasty of hasan pasha

1.1 hasan pasha (1704–1723)
1.2 ahmad pasha (1723–1747)
1.3 sulayman abu layla pasha (1749–1762)
1.4 omar pasha (1762–1776)
1.5 sulayman pasha great (1780–1802)
1.6 ali pasha (1802–1807)
1.7 sulayman pasha little (1807–1813)
1.8 dawud pasha (1816–1831)

dynasty of hasan pasha

the mamluks ruled pashaliks of baghdad, basrah, , shahrizor. pashalik of mosul ruled iraqi jalili dynasty.

hasan pasha (1704–1723)

in baghdad, hasan pasha (georgian: ჰასან ფაშა), ottoman governor of georgian origin sent constantinople, , son ahmad pasha (1723–47) established georgian mamluk household, through exercised authority , administered province.

ahmad pasha (1723–1747)

hasan s son , successor, ahmad (georgian: აჰმედ ფაშა), continued recruit mamluks , promoted them key administrative , military positions. both hasan , ahmad rendered valuable service ottoman porte curbing unruly tribes , securing steady inflow of taxes treasury in constantinople defending iraq against yet military threat safavids of iran.

by time ahmad pasha died in 1747, mamluks had been organized powerful, self-perpetuating elite corps of 2,000 men ( georgian guard ). on ahmad s death, sultan attempted prevent these mamluks assuming power , sent outsider wali in baghdad. however, ahmad’s son-in-law sulayman abu layla, in charge of basra, marched on baghdad in head of georgian guard , ousted ottoman administrator, thereby inaugurating 84 years of mamluk rule in iraq.

sulayman abu layla pasha (1749–1762)

by 1750, sulayman abu layla (georgian: სულეიმან აბუ ლაილი) had established himself undisputed master @ baghdad , had been recognized porte first mamluk pasha of iraq. newly established regime embarked on campaign gain more autonomy ottoman government , curb resistance of arab , kurdish tribes. managed counter al-muntafiq threats in south , brought basra under control. encouraged european trade , allowed british east india company establish agency in basra in 1763.

omar pasha (1762–1776)

the successes of mamluk regime, however, still depended on ability cooperate ottoman suzerains , religious elite within iraq. porte employed force depose recalcitrant pashas of baghdad, mamluks able retain hold of pashalik, , enlarged domains. failed, however, secure regular system of succession , gradual formation of rival mamluk households resulted in factionalism , frequent power struggles. major menace mamluk rule came iran resurgent ruler, karim khan, invaded iraq , installed brother sadiq khan in basra in 1776 after protracted , stubborn resistance offered mamluk general sulayman aga. porte hastened exploit crisis , replaced omar pasha (georgian: ომარ ფაშა) non-mamluk, proved incapable of keeping order.

sulayman pasha great (1780–1802)

an ottoman mamluk cavalryman, drawn carle vernet in 1810.

in 1779, sulayman great (georgian: სულეიმან ბუიუქი) returned exile in shiraz , acquired governorship of baghdad, basrah, , shahrizor in 1780. sulayman pasha known büyük ( great in turkish), , rule (1780-1802) efficient @ first, weakened grew older. imported large numbers of georgians strengthen clan, asserted supremacy on factionalized mamluk households , restricted influence of janissaries. fostered economy , continued encourage commerce , diplomacy europe, received major boost in 1798 when sulayman gave permission permanent british agent appointed in baghdad. however, struggle against arab tribes less successful , troubles culminated in sack of shia shrine @ karbala wahhabi in 1801.

the kurdish iraqi city of sulaymaniyah founded during time of sulayman pasha , named after him.

ali pasha (1802–1807)

sulayman pasha great succeeded after power struggle in 1802 ali pasha (georgian: ალი ფაშა), repelled wahhabi raids against najaf , hillah in 1803 , 1806 failed challenge domination of desert.

sulayman pasha little (1807–1813)

after ali’s assassination in 1807, nephew sulayman pasha little took on government. inclined curtail provincial autonomies, sultan mahmud ii (1808–39) made first attempt oust mamluks baghdad in 1810. ottoman troops deposed , killed sulayman, again failed maintain control of country. after yet bitter internecine feud in 1816, sulayman’s energetic son-in-law dawud pasha ousted rival said pasha (georgian: საიდ ფაშა; 1813–16) , took control of baghdad. ottoman government reluctantly recognized authority.

dawud pasha (1816–1831)

dawud pasha (georgian: დაუდ ფაშა) last of mamluk rulers of iraq. dawud pasha initiated important modernization programs included clearing canals, establishing industries, reforming army of european instructors, , founding printing press. maintained elaborate pomp , circumstance @ court. besides usual troubles arab tribes , internal dissensions sheikhs, involved in more serious fighting kurds , conflict iran on influence in kurdish principality of baban. conflict culminated in iranian invasion of iraq , occupation of sulaymaniyah in 1818. later, dawud pasha capitalized on destruction of janissaries @ constantinople in 1826, , eliminated janissaries independent local force.

meanwhile, existence of autonomous regime in iraq, long-time source of anxiety @ constantinople, became more threatening porte when muhammad ali pasha of egypt began claim ottoman syria. in 1830, sultan decreed dawud pasha’s dismissal, emissary carrying order arrested @ baghdad , executed. in 1831, ottoman army under ali ridha pasha marched aleppo iraq. devastated floods , epidemic of bubonic plague, baghdad capitulated after ten-week-long blockade caused mass-famine. dawud pasha, facing opposition local clergymen within iraq, surrendered ottomans , treated favor. life ended in 1851, while custodian of shrine @ medina. arrival of sultan’s new governor in baghdad in 1831 signaled beginning of direct ottoman rule in iraq.

the new ottoman governor, ali ridha pasha, forced come terms still-pervasive mamluk presence in baghdad after last mamluk pasha had been deposed. later married daughter of former mamluk governor sulayman pasha little (1807–1813).