History Limburg (Belgium)

1 history

1.1 middle ages
1.2 modern history
1.3 twentieth century

history


statue of ambiorix in main square of tongeren.

the first wave of people farming , pottery technology in northern europe lbk culture originated in central europe , reached geographical limit in fertile southern haspengouw part of limburg 5000 bc, die out 4000 bc. later wave central europe, michelsburg culture arrived 3500 bc , shared similar fate. pottery technology had apparently been taken local tribes of swifterbant culture, remained present throughout.

the area became permanently agricultural urnfield culture, followed possibly related halstatt , la tène material cultures, associated celts. under these cultures population increased in region, , during period indo european languages thought have arrived.

caesar gave first surviving written description of area , described people germani cisrhenani, part of belgae. amongst these germani, belgian limburg contained @ least part of country of eburones fought against julius caesar under leaders ambiorix , cativolcus. apart germani, somewhere in west of region (but possibly outside limburg) aduatuci, descendants of cimbri , teutones had settled direction of denmark generations before caesar.

under romans, area home tungri. tacitus equated these tungri earliest tribes of germani have settled in gaul, implying substantially still descended germani cisrhenani, , states use of name germani had been expanded in roman times cover larger grouping of similar tribes, particularly in germany east of rhine. tungri accepted being speakers of germanic language, modern authors disagree on extent descend new immigrants came on rhine after caesar. notably, tungri participated on roman side in revolt of batavi against roman rule. in north of limburg during roman times lived toxandri.

still in use: roman paved road between tongeren , tienen

the site of fort in romans encamped called aduatuca. possibly general word fort, associated not eburones, aduatuci, , tungri. roman city established in belgian limburg referred aduatuca tungrorum meaning aduatuca of tungri . today has become tongeren , in southeast of belgian limburg, , capital of roman administrative region called civitas tungrorum . under romans, tungri civitas first part of gallia belgica, , later split out more militarized border regions between , rhine, become germania inferior, later converted germania secunda.

middle ages

in late roman , medieval times, northern or kempen part of belgian limburg became virtually empty because of germanic plundering. area, still known roman name toxandria, settled incoming salian franks north, under pressure saxons. southern or haspengouw part of belgian limburg remained more heavily romanised, became core land of frankish empires. 9th century, frankish carolingian dynasty, based in , around belgian limburg, had turned gaul in francia , ruled empire included of western europe.

early christianity established earliest in romanised southeastern corner of limburg, around tongeren, , missionaries went north there convert franks. church capital moved nearby maastricht , liège, area of activity of st servatius , later lambert of maastricht. archbishops therefore became responsible large territory stretching delta of maas river saint in south of limburg st trudo, name survives in 1 of major towns in southern limburg.

after death of charlemagne, limburg part of central lotharingian division of frankish europe lay between france , germany , stretched italy. after death of first ruler, lothar, integrated eastern francia, become holy roman empire. in period around 881 , 882 areas along maas , in haspengouw plundered vikings, established base @ asselt on maas, today in roermond in dutch limburg.

belgian limburg corresponds closely medieval territory of county of loon (french looz), centred on fortified town of borgloon. came possess of haspengouw, , large part of kempen province contains today. part of loon, belgian limburg became subject, not spiritually politically, prince bishops of liège.

modern history

map showing 2 contemporary provinces called limburg, (the left 1 in belgium, , other 1 in netherlands), medieval duchy both named after. (the small overlap villages of teuven , remersdaal in eastern part of voeren, 1 of municipalities in modern belgian limburg since 1977.

loon, , rest of prince-bishopric of liège, not joined politically rest of become belgium until french revolution. nevertheless, in 16th, 17th, , 18th centuries population of loon , badly affected large-scale international wars of neighbouring spanish netherlands , dutch republic, including eighty years war, war of spanish succession, war of austrian succession, 7 years war, , brabant revolution. during period region s episcopal government unable maintain law , order, , economy of area desperately bad, affected plundering soldiers , gangs of thieves such bokkenrijders . nevertheless, population contained conservative catholic elements, , not supported conservative brabant revolution, rebelled unsuccessfully against revolutionary french regime in peasants war of 1798.

the modern limburg region, containing belgian , dutch provinces of name, first united within 1 province while under power of revolutionary france, , later napoleonic empire, under name of french department of lower meuse (maas). after napoleon s defeat, united kingdom of netherlands formed, containing modern belgium, luxembourg, , netherlands. while kept many of french provincial boundaries, first king, william i, insisted name changed province of limburg , based on name of medieval duchy of limburg. part of belgian or dutch limburg in duchy of limburg extreme east of voeren, villages of teuven , remersdaal, , these became part of belgian limburg in 1977.

after belgian revolution of 1830, province of limburg @ first entirely under belgian rule, status of both limburg , luxembourg became unclear. during ten days campaign , 2–12 august 1831, dutch armies entered belgium , took control of several belgian cities in order negotiate stronger position. several belgian militias , armies defeated including belgian army of meuse near hasselt, on 8 august. french , british intervened, leading ceasefire. after conference in london, signed treaty in 1839 , established after both limburg , luxemburg split between 2 states. happened; limburg split so-called dutch limburg , belgian limburg.

twentieth century

belgian limburg became officially flemish when belgium divided language areas in 1962. in case of voeren, surrounded french speaking parts of belgium, , having significant population of french speakers, not without controversy.

only in 1967, catholic church created bishopric of hasselt, separate bishopric of liège.